Corruption Is Not Another Sensation - 1940 Words

Corruption in Bangladesh Introduction Corruption is not another sensation. What is new and stressing is the size and size of debasement. It has spread its limbs to each circle of national life. It is one of the greatest dangers to improvement. It can tear the extremely fabric of the general public and, contaminate, it is doing as such. Corruption advantages the rich and the well-to-do. It advances the rich and disproportionably influences poor people, unprotected and the underprivileged and in this way it extends their hardship. Unless it is checked, the administrations and individuals will need to pay a substantial cost in the ensuing aftereffect of lower livelihoods, lower ventures and lower improvements bringing about unpredictable financial swings .as of late; the subject of defilement has gotten significant consideration. Chip away at administration has brought it into the light and it is no more forbidden. Debasement is being tended to by monetary establishments, government offices, respective givers, worldwide ass ociations, non-legislative associations (NGOs) and advancement experts. Its reasons have been measured observationally, as have its effects on human advancement. Organizations and regulatory techniques have been upgraded. Nations have arranged and marked universal hostile to defilement traditions. Definition of Corruption: Corruption is the abuse of public offices for private gain. Defining corruption is imperative in the setting of worldwide endeavors toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Platos Republic981 Words   |  4 Pagesperfect society. He outlines a utopian society, out of his disapproval for the tension of political life. Plato lived through the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC), in which much of Greece was devastated. This created poverty and political confusion and corruption. 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The Renaissance Period - 3406 Words

The argument being put forward in this dissertation is that the Renaissance in Europe, with specific emphasis on Italy, during the 15th Century, was the most influential period in developing the ‘early modern’ human society. Many believe that this was due to its almost perfect location between Western Europe and the Eastern shore of the Mediterranean. By analysing various factors and sources, as well as different aspects of society, for example political factors and the views of contemporary texts, it will provide enlightening insight into the changes made during the Renaissance period and how these changes are still reverberating. I believe that this question is an important one to study and to answer correctly and accurately because it means that we can trance back the origins of our society today and how it has evolved from, arguably, a more primitive one in terms of breakthroughs and technology. First of all, it is important to understand what the Renaissance period was all about and what it encumbered. The Renaissance period (French: ‘Rebirth’) is a progressive cultural movement that lasted for roughly 3 centuries, from the 14th to the 17th (roughly 1330- 1600), and is often referred to as ‘the bridge between the Middle Ages and a Modern Era’ (*1). The ‘Rebirth’ of a society, specifically Italy, was recognition of the past but also that it was separate from the present in terms of belief or ideology for example. This meant that a transitional phase occurred as pastShow MoreRelatedThe Renaissance, Renaissance And The Renaissance Period775 Words   |  4 Pages Renaissance is a time period that starts a transitional cultural movement in Europe between medieval times and modern times. It means rebirth and begins in 14th century and lasts into the 17th century. 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It began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe. The Renaissance time is were self paintings mostly came from. In most of the painting the people were nude. They started making the painting 3D. There are many things about the Renaissance. Renaissance means born a new. The concept enshrined in the world of Renaissance is actually one of rebirth. It was considered the beginning of modern history. The High Renaissance was fromRead MoreThe Renaissance Period1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe Renaissance Sides 1 The Renaissance period was between 1400-1600 century. It began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe. The Renaissance time is were self paintings mostly came from. In most of the painting the people were nude. They started making the painting 3D. There are many things about the Renaissance. Renaissance means born a new. The concept enshrined in the world of Renaissance is actually one of rebirth. It was considered the beginning of modern history. The High RenaissanceRead MoreThe Period Of The Renaissance1449 Words   |  6 PagesThe Renaissance, â€Å"rebirth,† began in the fourteenth century which spanned all the way to the sixteenth century. This great cultural transition that spread throughout Europe was one of the most important periods of European history as the ideas of the Medieval age shifted to a more modern age. Throughout this period Europe experience many major achievements in literature, architecture, philosophy, and of course art. Out of the Renaissance, E urope gained many historically important artists like LeonardoRead MoreThe Renaissance Period836 Words   |  4 PagesThe Renaissance Period The term Renaissance comes from the French word rebirth. The Renaissance was a period of European history, considered by modern scholars that occurred between 1300 and 1600. Many dramatic changes happened during the Renaissance. The Renaissance was a period of new inventions and beliefs. This period of time was drastically different from the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages the church had most of the power and its economy was based primarily on agriculture. ExplorationRead MoreThe Renaissance Period1455 Words   |  6 PagesThe Renaissance period, also known as the time of â€Å"rebirth†, brought many new ideas from the early 14th to late 16th century. These ideas derived from old medieval beliefs coinciding with new modernist attitudes (â€Å"Basic Ideas of the Renaissance,† 2012). Of the many changes that occurred, politics and power, humanism, and the Protestant Reformation predominated. Many desired a strong central government and an end to feudalism, which gave way for the establishment of monarchies (â€Å"Introduction to RenaissanceRead MoreThe Renaissance Period1254 Words   |  6 PagesThe Renaissance started in Italy during the 1300’s before spreading throughout Europe in the 1500 and 1600’s. It came about because of a change in the way of thinking. In an effort to learn, people began to want to understand the world around them. This study of the world and how it works was the start of a new age of science. â€Å"The people were curious and questioned the known wisdom of the church. They began to use experimentation and observation to solve worldly problems†. (Johnson). ManyRead MoreRenaissance Art : The Renaissance Period867 Words   |  4 PagesRenaissance Art The Renaissance time period was home to many new ideas in art. This includes new artists bringing forth ideas that had yet to be discovered and made popular. New themes and types of art were also being brought forward during this period. Numerous artists had to of been present to make Renaissance art the way it is. Some of the world’s most famous artists were working during this time period, including Leonardo da Vinci, and other artists like Sandro Botticelli and Lorenzo GhibertiRead MoreThe Baroque And The Renaissance Period947 Words   |  4 PagesThe Art period went through many different transitional phases to become what it is now, but the most famous of these phases are the Baroque and the Renaissance period. During the Renaissance saw the appearance of the â€Å"rebirth† of its country. the painters use realistic portrayals of nature and the human figure by artists that were inspired by the ancient Greek and Roman art and culture. However, during the Baroque creative phase,the artwork that seemed to be unrealistic, clear and produced many

Institutional Explanations for ERP Systems

Question: Discuss about the Institutional Explanations for ERP Systems. Answer: Introduction: The British American Tobacco deals with the production of cigarettes. The company holds a robust market in almost every corner of the world. The company has leadership in over 50 markets. The company works with farmers who supply tobacco to the factories. The company produces 724 billion cigarettes from 50 factories in 41 countries. The company has employed over 600,0o0 people globally. The various factories across the world have exercise multicultural and operate within a devolved structure that allows each local company to take responsibility for their actions and operations. In the organization policy framework, policies, strategies, standards, delegated authority, and principles are customized in the best possible way to suit the local stakeholders of each business (Dale, 2015). The organization champions employee welfare through conducting employee opinion survey, also known as your voice to give them secure confident way to voice their concerns. The management of the company consists of the director of legal and external affairs and general counsel, regional director, director of operations. The other directors are director of human resource, in charge of human resource management in the Australian and director of research and development. Finally, there is the director of business development. ("British American Tobacco - The global market," 2017) The management of BAT makes use of the four managerial functions. These are, organizing, controlling, leading and managing. Operational problems due to the structure The organization structure of British American Tobacco is highly specialized, and due to this, the organization lacks teamwork. This is due to specialized units in the structure, which perform at a high level of efficiency. When a certain activity requires that these units to join forces, every unit may pursue their interests instead of the overall organizational goal, this brings fights within the organization and lagging of projects. The lack of teamwork also is further encouraged by the multi-cultural structure in the organization (Byrd, Megginson, 2013). Also, the structure used by the British American Tobacco poses a challenge to the top management due to the expansive nature of the organization. As the organization continues to expand, the top management is required to delegate the duties of decision making to the functional units of the organization. This challenge is more evident especially when the organization expands to a new geographical area The structure also faces a challenge in policy implementation. The implementation of new policies that are mandatory for all the companies to observe becomes difficult, as the structure of the organization has allowed the companies to handle their issues independently; furthermore, the multicultural nature poses a lot of resistance (Byrd, Megginson, 2013). The most preferred system of acquiring the accounting software package would be custom software. The organization comprises of many companies in 41 countries. These companies handle their operations and actions independently and locally. Due to this these companies face different challenges concerning technology, acquiring a customized software will ensure that they can tailor the software according to the organization needs. Also tailoring the software will reduce the risk about data security (Dale, 2015). A custom software is that software which has been developed to suit the needs of a specific organization or specific users. The custom software is also known as bespoke software or customized software. The customized software takes care of nuances and possible hidden risks. Most big companies use the customized software to handle different functions within the organization such as content management and inventory management. This software is designed to fill the gap that exists in the commercial software. However, the development of this system software is very expensive compared to its similar commercial software (Dale, 2015). System flow chart on sales procedure description The system starts at the point here the customer places a purchase order for the purchase of cigarettes. After the order has been placed, the Rep logs of purchase quantity are entered in the electronic system; an electronic invoice is generated. The contact agent receives the order and verifies its authenticity by calling the customer to confirm the order indeed was placed. After the confirmation, the order details are assessed by checking them to ensure they have met the standards; this stage is termed as standard terms. After the purchase order details have met the standards, the order is approved, and a pickup log statement is launched which is then followed by shipping the order. If the order fails to meet the standards, the agent requests for the approval, which requires that the order details pass through an attorney. When the attorney approves the order and says that it is OK, the order is taken back to the agent who then approves it and a pickup log sheet is launched. If the attorney marks it NO, the order is taken to the Agent who the cancels it and the order is not shipped. Depending on the situation of the order, the agent might pass the canceled order to the Rep logs who calls the customer to inform them on what made the order to be canceled ("Sales Process Flowchart," 2017). The BAT Company is a large organization that closes millions and millions of sales every year with the help of the sales process flow chart. Human involvement, however, makes the chart to have a problem as the staff handles the various functions required to ensure the order goes through. The processes might experience errors or even favoritism. This may lead to loss of revenue or loss of sales due to incompetence, thus a more improve system is required to handle the human error. Moreover, the staff handling these functions may collude and defraud the company, by allowing unqualified orders to go through (Simkin, Norman, Rose, 2013). The development and adoption of the accounting software packages The process begins by identifying the areas, which require the implementation of the system and how it would benefit the organization. From there the company analyses the financial capabilities required to fund the development. After this, a qualified accounting software developer is contracted to develop the software based on the organization requirements and needs. The software developer splits the process into phases in which pilot operations is conducted to determine the suitability of the software in the various areas in the organization that required to use the software. Once the software is completed and tested, the project manager takes over. The project manager is in charge of implementing projects as well as evaluating them. The project manager oversees the adoption of the accounting software in that; he develops a plan on how the implementation will take place. The first step involves bringing on board all those who will be affected by the implementation next is to communicate to them about the changes that are about to take place in the organization. The third step is to delegate the implementation to the specific departments and assuming a supervisory role to the implementation. The implementation is done in stages to ensure that the organizations' activities are not disrupted. From there the manager will be evaluating the performance of the system to ensure it is performing effectively and efficiently (Simkin, Norman, Rose, 2013). The current market size The market size controlled by the BAT Company continues to grow as the value of global market on cigarettes grows. According to statistics, there are about one billion adult smokers worldwide. These smokers consume about 5,600 billion cigarettes every year. The statistics also estimate that the cigarettes market size could be about US$ 770 billion. However, the overall cigarette volume is progressively declining from one year to another; the market value of cigarettes continues to grow. The BAT Company has continued to increase its share in the market by 50 basis points by the end of last year. In most countries economies, the tobacco industry continues to be a substantial contributor to the economy of these countries. The industry sustains millions of people's livelihood including retailers farmers and all those employed in the tobacco industry. However, some governments are on the verge of killing these industries through the continuous increase of excise duties. This leads to competition distortion, due to the rise of cheaper and illegally trafficked cigarettes. (Dale, 2015) Three tobacco companies mainly dominate the Australian tobacco market, they include, British American Tobacco Australia, Philip Morris though it ceased production of tobacco products in 2014, and Imperial Tobacco Australia. The dominating company is the BATA, which before 12014 it had a market share of 40%, which expanded to 140% once Philip Morris seized tobacco production. As for Imperial Tobacco Australia, which was controlling a market share of 40% by 2014, reduced to 17% once Philip Morris seized production. Other significant competitors in the Australian market include Peter Stuyvesant Horizon, and JPS ("Tobacco companies operating in Australia - Tobacco In Australia," 2017). Current gaps or challenges encountered by users or customers of accounting software suggestions or recommendations Most challenges faced while using the accounting software are due to the outdated nature of the software. However, the following are some of the challenges encountered by users ("Software Reviews," 2016). Users have experienced cases where the security of the software has been compromised, and foreign parties gained access to their data. Thought the computer firewalls are meant to counter such attacks, it fails at times, and proper attention needs to be directed to data security ("Software Reviews," 2016). Users are complaining that the accounting software is exhibiting a tendency of impossibility in data retrieval. The software permits the input of data but becomes hard to access this data once it is required. Owners of businesses are time cautious and prefer software that strives to save time by doing things quicker. Also, some software is not user-friendly and are difficult to operate on using the normal input devices. They also lack expanded features and capabilities. Outdated and lack of accuracy Outdated software always experiences system errors almost every time; these errors lead to data inaccuracy hence unreliability. The outdated software also has limitations regarding features and functionality. The system restrictions set during the development of the software, makes the software user-unfriendly, as one cannot customize. Moreover, others are cluttered and hard to understand. There is software that contains a limited number of features though they are charged expensively. Customers are required to be upgrading the software from time to time to increase the number of features. Despite the exorbitant fees paid for the software, at times it may be incompatible with the machine. Every software including even the accounting software is made to ensure that it reduces the workload and give an alternative and reliable way of analyzing the information. Therefore a company should ensure that it sources for qualified software developers who will be able to create a software that has improved security features, accurate and takes less time to process data as well as allow data to be retrieved with ease. This will not only improve the security features but also the performance of the software. References The major tobacco companies operating in Australia - Tobacco In Australia. (2017).Tobaccoinaustralia.org.au. Retrieved 16 April 2017, from https://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-10-tobacco-industry/10-4-major-tobacco-companies-operating-in-australia British American Tobacco - The global market. (2017).Bat.com. Retrieved 16 April 2017, from https://www.bat.com/group/sites/UK__9D9KCY.nsf/vwPagesWebLive/DO9DCKFM Byrd, M., Megginson, L. (2013).Small business management(1st ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Caplan, S. (2010).Streetwise Finance And Accounting For Entrepreneurs(1st ed.). Cincinnati: F+W Media. Ciftci, M. (2010). Accounting Choice and Earnings Quality: The Case of Software Development.European Accounting Review,19(3), 429-459. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2010.496551 Dale, E. (2015).Planning and developing the company organization structure(1st ed.). Ann Arbor, Mich.: Xerox University Microfilms. Gutmann, J. (2013).Accounting made easy with your computer(1st ed.). Naperville, Ill.: Sourcebooks. Hyvnen, J. (2015). Adoption and Benefits of Management Accounting Systems: Evidence from Finland and Australia.Advances In International Accounting,18, 97-120. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0897-3660(05)18005-2 Hyvnen, T., Jrvinen, J., Pellinen, J. (2016). The role of standard software packages in mediating management accounting knowledge.Qualitative Research In Accounting Management,3(2), 145-160. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/11766090610670677 Sales Process Flowchart. (2017).https://www.conceptdraw.com. Retrieved 16 April 2017, from https://www.conceptdraw.com/How-To-Guide/sales-process-flowchart Simkin, M., Norman, C., Rose, J. (2013).Accounting information systems(1st ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Software reviews. (2016).Accounting Education,8(4), 377-380. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/096392899330856 The tobacco growing and manufacturing industries. (2014) (1st ed.). [Belconnen, A.C.T.]. Ugrin, J. (2013). The Effect of System Characteristics, Stage of Adoption, and Experience on Institutional Explanations for ERP Systems Choice.Accounting Horizons,23(4), 365-389. https://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch.2009.23.4.365 Varajao, J. (2010).ENTERprise information systems(1st ed.). Berlin: Springer. Whittington, G. (2015). The adoption of International Accounting Standards in the European Union.European Accounting Review,14(1), 127-153. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0963818042000338022

Titanic Essay Research Paper When people hear free essay sample

Titanic Essay, Research Paper When people hear the name Titanic many vivid and emotional images come to mind. Visions of the really last yet frenetic concluding minutes titanic exhausted afloat before droping to its watery grave stat mis below the surface. No 1 nevertheless pictures everything that had happened before and after the great line drive sank, or the riders and crew who were doomed to be aboard the monolithic ship. Many factors made what was titanic, her crew the riders and the inevitable clang. The narrative of titanic started in Belfast, Ireland where 100s of difficult working work forces spent countless hours edifice what was at 46,328 gross tunnage the largest traveling object at the clip. The R.M.S. Titanic was owned by American baron J.P. Morgan, but was being operated on the British owned White Star line. The ship was reported to hold cost some where between $ 7,500,000 # 8211 ; $ 10,000,000. It was to be Bruce Ismay? s coronating accomplishment and at 882 # 189 ; pess long and 100 pess high it genuinely was. Mr. Thomas Andrews the ship interior decorator gave her a radical layout, and it appears that titanic was built to suit up to 64 lifeboats yet had merely 16 aboard and 4 collapsable lifeboats were added last minute giving a life boat capacity of merely 1,176. Now we come to the riders and crew who were aboard the doomed line drive. The captain was Edward James Smith a really reputable and respected captain. The inaugural ocean trip was to be Captain Smith? s last and he has even been quoted as stating? nil exciting of all time happens on my trips? . As Titanic was the ship of al ships her riders were the whose who of the universe. Aboard were American millionaire John Jacob Astor and his married woman, Mr. and Mrs. Isador Strauss, Mr. Benjamin Guggenheim and his kept woman, the? unsinkable? Molly Brown and the Countess of Rothes. As it seems the monolithic line drive was doomed to infamy from the really get downing. At on Wednesday April 10, 1912 the R.M.S. Titanic started to go from Southampton on its manner to New York City. Just as titanic left port a unsafe suction started and pulled another ship the New York into a crash class with the huge ship and it wasn? T until the last possible minute that a immense rush of H2O pushed the New York out of injuries manner. Yet merely as it seemed that catastrophe was averted another major job started. In coal sand trap # 5 self-generated burning caused a really destructive fire that took 3 yearss to snuff out. Mr. Andrews was sent to analyze the amendss and reported that the fire compromised the steel and could hold possible damaged the airtight compartments. The following subject needed to cover is the controversial events taking up to and including the clang on April 14, 1912. The twenty-four hours started out with clear conditions and with the boat at a full 22 # 189 ; knots what seemed to be smooth seafaring, but nil could hold prepared them for what would go on subsequently that dark. That dark the temperature all of a sudden dropped down t a chilling 31 grades Fahrenheit with a air current iciness of merely 0 grades Fahrenheit in the crow? s nest. Titanic was going excessively fast in status so unsafe that other ships had stopped for the dark. At 10:00 p.m. Frederick Fleet took his topographic point as expression out in the crow? s nest, with merely one job his field glassess had been losing since go forthing Southampton 4 yearss earlier. At 11:40 p.m. that dark everything was unagitated including the normally disruptive ocean, but the composure was all of a sudden shattered by what is now one of the most celebrated quotation marks of all time? Iceberg right in front? . About instantly Officer Murdoch ordered the ship to full contrary and hard to port which fundamentally means to turn left. One major design defect came into drama here, the rudders were excessively little so the ship did non bend in clip and so the ship hit the iceberg on her starboard side go forthing a bantam trail of little punctures in the hull. These little interruptions were all that was needed to seal the destiny of titanic and her riders for now over 400 dozenss of H2O was pouring in every minute. Equally shortly as the world of everything set in Mr. Andrews was sent to inspect that harm caused by the iceberg, the consequences were about incredible. The iceberg caused 5 of the 16 air-tight compartments to make full with H2O, one more that of all time imagined in any accident. Mr. Andrews decision was that the ship everyone said, ? G-D himself could non drop? was traveling to be at the underside of the ocean in a affair of hours. With this tragic intelligence the crew was instructed to get down evacuating the boat adult females and kids foremost and so a small past mid-night the 1st category was being awaken to caput towards the lifeboats. At 12:10 ante meridiem Captain Smith ordered the Marconi operator s to direct out a hurt call that the ship was droping by the caput. One of the first ships to react was the German Ship the Frankfort, but because it was operated by a rival the operators ignored all of the Frankfort? s messages. A nearby ship the Californian was with in seeing but the operators were away responsibility and asleep. Finally at 12:45 ante meridiem the Carpathia responded but they were over 4 hours off. By now everyone was cognizant of their impending day of reckoning and pandemonium was get downing to interrupt out, but through it all many people came to footings with their destiny and accepted it. Mr. Guggenheim and his gentleman dressed in their best an were prepared to travel down every bit gentlemen, Mr. and Mrs. Strauss laid in their suite in what was to be a concluding embracing. Though some found peace many were frenetic and get downing to go despairing, but the ship? s instrumentalists played non-stop in order to quiet the riders. What made all affairs worse was that the life boat capacity was merely that of # 189 ; the riders and crew on board. Their was 318 1st category, 262 2nd category, 740 3rd category riders and 860 officers and crew on board a sum of 2180 psyches, 2180 and merely 1,176 were to be saved if all seats were filled. This was a really chilling and confusing clip so one can non set fault on the crew but they were directing lifeboats able t tantrum 65 heavy work forces filled with merely 12 people in some out to sea. At 2:15 the ship? after part was submerged at an 80 grade angle in the H2O and at 2:17 all power to titanic had failed. Merely as the horrid sight of the one time expansive ship adhering straight up sunk in the heads of all watching the hardy hull began to give manner and the huge organic structure off titanic split in two and the austere came crashing back down to the surface. Slowly the after part began an eerie decent into the ocean which some described as similar to an lift drive. The one time burden boom of the ship? s devastation now turned into the painful calls of 1,500 work forces, adult females and kids who were now combating to remain alive in the stop deading ocean H2O. As most subsisters testified to the most persistent noise was non the breakage or even the scream of all those waiting to dice in the ocean but the spiritual silence one time everyone finally froze to decease. It wasn? T for hours that the Titanic? s sister ship the Carpathia eventually arrived and pulled on board merely a small over 700 subsisters. News headlines around the universe shortly read of how the Unsinkable titanic perished in the dark and how over 1,500 psyches came to an ill-timed terminal in the center of the North Atlantic. Most of the incrimination was placed on Bruce Ismay who was reportedly the adult male who ordered to disregard the ice warning and for the ship to derive velocity. Reports nevertheless of how the ship sank widely varied, some said the boilers exploded some said the ship was in one piece and some said that crew work forces were so panicked that they were hiting work forces who got unruly. No one knew what had happened or even the exact location of the wreckage until a joint U.S. ? Gallic expedition discovered titanic 1,600 stat mis NE of New York, 95 stat mis south Grandbanks Newfoundland @ 41.16 grades N. latitude and 50.14 grades W. longitude. The expedition surveyed and photographed the wreckage and reported that the ship had so broke in two and laid about # 189 ; a mile apart. In July 1986 a 3-man U.S. geographic expedition squad in Alvin submersibles one time once more surveyed and photographed the wreckage. It wasn? T until a controversial Gallic salvage squad in 1987 began roll uping artefacts from the ocean floor. They collected spectacless, dishes, jewellery, bags, currency, and a clump of small undistinguished objects. This caused a major tumult what the scientist called continuing many people considered sedate profanation, yet through all the protests the artefacts were displayed in Paris in September 1987. Till this twenty-four hours scientist flock to titanic in order to find what happened and why, there are even infinite films which depict about every theory of what happened out today. With all the hurting and agony that surrounded titanic no 1 stops and looks at what good came out of the calamity. Due to all the mistakes aboard the Titanic there are now Torahs which province that there must be lifeboat seats for all riders on board. There must be full clip care and runing crews on wireless ticker while at sea. There must be lifeboat emptying drills and there has been an international ice patrol set up. So now when people hear the name Titanic they can vision non merely the clang and the anguish it caused but they besides can visualize the what went into titanic, the people who lost their lives that unfortunate dark, and the great accomplishments that came approximately because of it.

From A Business Perspective Essays - Business Ethics, Applied Ethics

From A Business Perspective From a business perspective, working under government contracts can be a very lucrative proposition. In general, a stream of orders keep coming in, revenue increases and the company grows in the aggregate. The obvious downfalls to working in this manner is both higher quality expected as well as the extensive research and documentation required for government contracts. If a part fails to perform correctly it can cause minor glitches as well as problems that can carry serious repercussions, such as in the National Semiconductor case. When both the culpable component and company are found, the question arises of how extensive these repercussions should be. Is the company as an entity liable or do you look into individual employees within that company? From an ethical perspective one would have to look at the mitigating factors of both the employees and their superiors along with the role of others in the failure of these components. Next you would have to analyze the final ruling from a corporate perspective and then we must examine the macro issue of corporate responsibility in order to attempt to find a resolution for cases like these. The first mitigating factor involved in the National Semiconductor case is the uncertainty, on the part of the employees, on the duties that they were assigned. It is plausible that during the testing procedure, an employee couldnt distinguish which parts they were to test under government standards and commercial standards. In some cases they might have even been misinformed on the final consumers of the products that they tested. In fact, ignorance on the part of the employees would fully excuse them from any moral responsibility for any damage that may result from their work. Whether it is decided that an employees is fully excused, or is given some moral responsibility, would have to be looked at on an individual basis. The second mitigating factor is the duress or threats that an employee might suffer if they do not follow through with their assignment. After the bogus testing was completed in the National Semiconductor labs, the documentation department also had to falsify documents stating that the parts had surpassed the governmental testing standards. From a legal and ethical standpoint, both the testers and the writers of the reports were merely acting as agents on direct orders from a superior. This was also the case when the plant in Singapore refused to falsify the documents and were later falsified by the employees at the have California plant before being submitted to the approval committees (Velazquez, 53). The writers of the reports were well aware of the situation yet they acted in this manner on the instruction of a supervisor. Acting in an ethical manner becomes a secondary priority in this type of environment. As stated by Alan Reder, . . . if they [the employees] feel they will suffer retribution, if they report a problem, they arent too likely to open their mouths. (113). The workers knew that if the reports were not falsified they would come under questioning and perhaps their employment would go into jeopardy. Although working under these conditions does not fully excuse an employees from moral fault, it does start the divulging process for determining the order of the chain of command of superiors and it helps to narrow down the person or department that issued the original request for the unethical acts. The third mitigating factor is one that perhaps encompasses the majority of the employees in the National Semiconductor case. We have to balance the direct involvement that each employee had with the defective parts. Thus, it has to be made clear that many of the employees did not have a direct duty with the testing departments or with the parts that eventually failed. Even employees, or sub-contractors, that were directly involved with the production were not aware of the incompetence on the part of the testing department. For example, the electrical engineer that designed the defective computer chip could act in good faith that it would be tested to ensure that it did indeed meet the required government endurance tests. Also, for the employees that handled the part after the testing process, they

Capital punishment misc11 essays

Capital punishment misc11 essays In the eighteenth century,England would punish by death for pickpocketing and petty theft. Ever since the 1650's colonist could be put to death for denying the true god or cursing their parents advocates. Capital Punishment have clashed almost continuously in the forum of public opinion in state legislatures and most recently in courts. In 1972,the case of furman vs.Georgia reached the supreme court. The court decided that punishment by death did indeed violate the eighth amendment to containing that "excessive fines imposed,nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted." By this decision death sentences all over the country were set aside. The three most common death penalties are the gas chamber,lethal injection,and the electric chair. Capital punishment has become an increasingly controversial issue over many decades. The problem lies between, is the death penalty being accepted in murder cases or ruled out completely. While some people feel that Capital Punishment will not discourage crime, Capital punishment should be legalized in all states, because it is morally just and it will deter crime. The many opponents of capital punishment who are against it feel that the death penalty is not a deterrent and that it is barbariaertic of the past. It has no place in a civilized society today. One of the biggest arguments against capital punishment is people feel that it violates the eighth amendment which forbids cruel and unusual punishment. People against Capital Punishment believe the death penalty is absurd and is in un-christian practice. Further more, they feel society should not" encourage sentiments of vengenance cater to morbid interest in ritual execution." Criminologists also built a strong case that the threat of death failed to deter murder, anymore effectively than prison. Therefore, to inflict harm to one,...

McDonalds Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

McDonalds - Coursework Example Generally, economic factors can be divided into two parts namely Macroeconomic and Microeconomic factors. Macroeconomic factors used to have a significant role in controlling the performance of any business Unit. If the interest rates are on the higher side, the borrowing money in order to expand the business may not be possible for smaller business units. For bigger companies like McDonalds it is also a problem as they have to rely on their own profit to expand their business and set up new units. On the other hand, higher rate of unemployment helps the business unit to hire more workers in comparatively lesser salary; therefore the operating profit will increase considerably. In recent time, the status of the global economy has direct impact on the business of McDonald. With the growing popularity and to expand their business all over the globe, most of the profit earned by the company is now being used in setting up new outlets. So the level of operating profit is coming down for the company. In modern world, like every other company to be at the top it is winning at any cost for McDonalds. This win at any cost is refers to increasing the stock price of the company. Now to do that it is compulsory to expand the business.

Self regulation of the press Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Self regulation of the press - Essay Example , private bodies feel the need to regulate itself for whatever reasons whether to respond to consumer demand, to carry out its ethical beliefs, to enhance industry reputation, or to level the market field. Press is also regulated by a separate, non-statutory body, Press Complaints Commission (PCC). It manages the code of practice and complaints of investigation. Any journalist who is said to breach the codes is found guilty; however, the PCC has no status or power to punish the journalists for these breaches (Keeble, 2005, p273). The clauses that the PCC includes in the codes to follow is the accuracy level, the respect for privacy, the interests and protection of children, harassment, incursion into shock or grief, breaking into hospitals, the report of crime and many more. The journalists have to investigate and publish reports keeping these clauses in mind. Yet, the journalists and press does not realize the importance of respecting these clauses and thus statutory control on the framework of these journalists is recommended (Bromley, Tom OMalley, 2009, p115). At first, the statutory control on the press was considered as unreasonable as it subjected to restriction on press freedom and their freedom of speech. However, there have been some activities seen in the press by the irresponsible journalists; moreover the weakness of the PCC led many to reconsider the thought to impose statutory control over the press. Although, the threat to pass on legislation on the press has lightened the irresponsible work of the press and encouraged good practice, there is still serious thought that has to be given on a statutory control of the press (Franklin, 2008, p128). Self-regulation of the press itself has many disadvantages because of which the idea of legislation strengthens. Where there are acknowledgements on the fact that government may not possess the expertise as compared to the private companies, but the major issue is that whether these private companies will

Stem Cell Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Stem Cell - Research Paper Example The consent of donation of human stem cells includes difficult dilemmas in the process of derivation. The most important ethical issues related to delivery of stem cells are Informed and voluntary consent, Creation of embryos for research purposes, destruction of embryos, benefits and risks of experimental intervention, medical risks of oocyte retrieval and protecting women infertility treatment. Despite of tremendous promise of HESC research it has faced enormous opposition because harvesting of HESC destroys human embryo. The derivation of HESC requires the removal of the uttermost layer also known as the trophoblast. The development of the process is facing heated opposition because it involves an unethical stand against the killing of innocent human embryos. This research paper deals with the responses that arise from the thesis question. Human stem cell research has a great effect on the advancement of medical technology against deadly diseases. There are mainly two type of stem cells derived from human body; embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are isolated from blastocysts found in its inner cell mass. On the other hand adult stem cells are found in human body tissues. The production of adult stem cells has been very helpful in the past few years because it has helped in treatments like transplantation of bone marrows. There are several other uses of stem cells that have helped in proper evolution of medical technology in the world. Earlier stem cells were obtained by killing human embryos. There were several controversies related to the harvesting process of stem cells. Human embryos are part of human beings that is formed as a result of reproduction process. The harvesting process of stem cells hence was regarded as an unethical stand. In the present circumstances stem cell research is widely used for treatment of a number of diseases. The treatment of diseases like diabetes,

The Convergence Of Television Networking Media Essay

The Convergence Of Television Networking Media Essay The long-indicated convergence of broadcast TV and internet is reaching a tipping point. Viewing TV text via internet has changed PC savvy TV viewers expectation dramatically. The rise in synchronized use of internet and TV has resulted in a unique off screen and on screen relationship of users with TV content (Grady, 2010). Gradys view of Television describes onscreen engagement of audience with online TV content and off screen interaction amidst peers and friends that Jenkins (2006) terms as water cooler conversations. The onscreen and off screen experience together brings the sociability factor among viewers that supports the water cooler conversation. TV cultivates sociability in many ways (Lull: 1990) for instance, TV plays a vital role in constructing and maintaining interpersonal relationship amongst family and social units. Likewise, when TV content is viewed on websites and other networking sites, it sparks sociability amongst users that influence users to react in numerous ways. For instance, Spoiler fandom of TV shows Survivors was one of the forms of users that used sociability to spoil the show. Although, fandom is not the only form practiced on networking sites, but many more that influences users to build a community around a specific TV content. Online TV content cultivates sociability in networked communities and gives a platform to practice Mc Luhans (1874) living room experience. But online sociability has charted changes in traditional concept of TV and audience. As Fiske (1987: 63-4) states revaluation of viewer requires a revaluation of text. Hence such a convergence needs to be studied in context to dramatic changes in TV industry such as changes in production, distribution and content management. This section of my literature review highlights dramatic changes in TV and TV entry in a post network era. The section also makes a general understanding about TV culture and TV (content) flow. A separate section discusses proliferation of TV text across social networking sites and social use of technology with relevance to online viewing. 1.3.1 Television Concepts Fiske (1987:1) defines TV, a bearer/provoker of meanings and pleasures, and of culture as the generations and circulation of variety of meanings and pleasures within the society. TV as culture is deeply interwoven in our society that it persistently produces and reproduces; meanings and pleasures and their distribution influences audience to behave in a desired way. Meanings are interpreted differently by audience and are part of flow of TV that are experienced by viewers ( Fiske: 1987,15). Audiences are makers of meaning; consume TV text as readers that are capable of producing meanings and pleasure with respect to socio-cultural frameworks ( Fiske: 1987,17). Therefore, to understand audience, TV needs to be understood as culture and a flow that extends meanings and pleasures to meaning makers in social structures. TV as Culture Culture is complex and difficult to understand, it signifies set of values acquired by set of social groups that results in patterned behavior. Theorist like Richard Hoggart (1957), Raymond William (1958) and EP Thompson (1968) has contributed much to the concept of culture. Hall Jefferson (1976, hall.et.al) states, culture is multi-faceted and plural that contains element from past and layers within it. A culture is a culmination of past and present that shapes existing ideas and insights in a society. Culture is diverse, versatile and contains popular forms of dominant culture in a society (Matthew, 1869). As Turner, explains culture is part of our lives that are so powerful and unquestioned that it almost goes invisible and unnoticed (Turner, 1990). Similarly TV and its text has become integral part of our culture that induces viewers to become readers. Television, its content and the industry forms significant aspects of our culture that affects social structures in many ways. TV has become one of the primary forms of culture in most industrialized society (Kompare, 2002). TV as flow Williams (1958) determines flow; a technology and a cultural form. Flow in context to TV, refers to the movement from one program to other or from one segment to the other. Network channels (producers) hold audience via flow of TV text from one interesting segment to another interesting segment making flow continuous. Kompare (2002) explains flow, a broadcasting property that constitutes the overall experience of broadcasting on the minds of audience. Network channels use flow as a strategy to overcome gaps created by commercials and public message; to grab the attention of audience to fill up those gaps and breaks by moving to another program or a segment of a program making viewing experience as effortless endless experience. Gaps are the visible characteristics that define television experience. Williams (1958) believed gaps are not mere gaps but are planned breaks that happens because of interaction between television and audience, he termed it as planned flow. Flow relates to th e appointment based television that involves audience to experience, TV as an endless narrative flow that intensify their continuity. Continuity engages and sustains audience that results in economic exchange, gratifying needs of network channels (advertisers) and audience. Engagement with TV results in cultural capital where as financial front releases economic capital that is necessary for TV to function as culture good andeconomic good. Flow is an essential concept for the growth and survival of TV as culture in a social structure. John Ellis, John Fiske, Jane Feuer, Richard Dinest, John corner and many others have challenged the operations that Williams described in the process of contributing to the formation of discursive field of flow (Urichho, 2004). Corner (2003) argues flow is a pessimistic discourse of TV culture that disregards television characteristics as a diverse medium. Ellis (1982) discusses the scheduling of different genres of programs that are organized in a TV network should be focus of study. His argument focuses on schedule (time) other than programs (flow) as determined by Williams and emphasizes how a different genre of programs gets fit into scheduling of television by organization of time is more relevant than movement from program to program. His way of determining flow underlines the concept of audience that engage themselves in different ways, provided what has been offered to them. This signifies not only how time handles text but how time passage in the text has imbrications on the life who viewed a particular content. Thus, time is an important factor in the study of TV flow. Flow to be understood in present TV culture, it needs to be studied in relation to current advancement in technologies and new digital systems that has converged different mediums at a single platforms. With introduction of converging technologies, so called mass communication mediums , including TV does not always flow ( Kompare : 2002). TV has come long way from traditional form of viewing TV text that was time based and continuous. New media offers content as flexible package than continuous narrative wiping away factors such as when, where and how that has charted changes in the identity of television as culture. Urichho (2004) sketches flow, a fundamental shift in the interface between television and viewer and so in the viewing experience. He describes flow as an interface and explains how the introduction of metadata system and filter technologies has resulted into a new kind of interaction that suggests TV has entered to a new phase. New devices have provided tools to capture television text and produce ways of asynchronous viewing that has altered the interaction of medium with the culture in many ways (Lotz: 2007:35). New mechanism to view varied TV text has charted changes in the concept of flow making it flexible and malleable. The current phase shows us deepening convergence of technologies at single platform and TVs shift from broadcasting to other modes of carriage like VOD, cable, satellite has given an opportunity to distribute content to wider platforms that reaches beyond the audience of broadcast TV. Recent BARB figures of 2009 indicated that most of the people in UK, recorded the first episode of fifth series of Lost (Guardian, 2009). The distribution of TV text to various alternative carriers has affected TV, its identity and TV as a cultural form. TV as culture is transformed by recurring changes in its components such as TV text, changing preferences of audience, advancement in technologies and network channels stance to produce relevant content in accordance with socio-cultural frameworks. For instance, a popular broadcasting network like BBC or CBS when started uploading programs on their websites, audience discussion rise from dinning room to virtual communities, effecting culture in a different way. As discussed, Television is still evolving; its identity is unstable (not fixed). Its difficult to define what television is and what it will be in near future and what changes it will pose to the culture. Urichho (2004) discusses the difficulties approaching TV as he cites Heath (1998; Urichho : 2004,165) who states increasing inadequacy of existing terms and standards of analysis bounds TV with a specific bound of representation, a certain coherence of object and understanding TV in a complex social-political-individual meaning. TV as flow has been transformed by everyday technologies, economy and by network channels posing specific bearing on culture. To conclude, flow is an essential concept for the growth of television as a culture in a society. Although, many scholars has interpreted flow in different ways, but the concept of flow remains vital to the critical understanding of the medium. . 1.3.2 The changing television The convergence of broadcast model and broadband has defeated traditional appointment based television and has produced a new avatar of the medium. The series of transformation in the medium has changed television over the time, changes in terms of distribution of TV content across different media platforms due to technological convergence and changes in TV content to gratify entertainment needs of varied niche social sets of audience. The broadcasting model in no terms can be stated as single technological medium, thereby affecting social and cultural practices that have grown around the medium over the time (Askwith: 2003). Mc Luhans( 1978) living room experience refers to the culmination of social experiences among family members (audience) lasting an evening. When TV became a product of convergence culture, TV audience discovered new ways to engage with TV content via internet, mobile phones and I phones. Personal computers when added to techno mix convergence; TV audience got a platform to expand their social experiences across variety of channels and engaged themselves with TV content as never before. Loyal viewers used these platforms to contemplate about and discuss varied things about TV content such as characters, plots, locations etc resulting in a never ending collective intelligence (Jenkins: 2000) that engage users in different ways across different social platforms. The distribution of TV text to different channels (mediums) and platforms has designed content as malleable packages in accordance to varied media outlets. Jenkins (2000: 95) describes such a phenomenon as transmedia storytelling, as he explains TV content in the present era is more of a story telling experience involving viewers in different ways. He discusses about popular media franchises such as the matrix, Harry potter, Star Wars and states that such media content are entertainment for convergence age that integrates multiple texts to form a single narrative where each text lays its own individuality and originality. In other words, a transmedia content when unfolds to different media outlet, each text (medium) should be able to contribute solely to respective media franchise, for instance in Matrix a film offers a more immediate rapport with audience where as matrix game would involve players in much different way as experienced in film. Thus it reveals that each medium has got different characteristics and engage audience in different ways. Distribution of TV text across different channels gives rise to new experiences and new ways of engagement with the medium. Not only changes in modes of distribution have contributed much to the changed broadcast model of TV, but also its content has transformed over the years. Mapplebleck (1998) describes a general shift from general formats of TV shows such as current affairs, daily show to a more factually based light entertainment programs. This shift was a direct result of changes in culture -media and popular culture, and the space shared by media and social publics. Although, network channels produce TV text in accordance with the entertainment needs of the audience, but experiments on new ideas and concepts play a vital role in gratifying entertainment needs of existent audience and grabbing new audience. The biggest implication of convergence has been the distribution of national identity content to global media markets thereby removing the boundaries of exclusivity and availing content on multiple channels has resulted in cross-cultural interaction ( Jenkins : 2000). Indian Idol much on the lines of American Idol (reality show on Sony TV India) has become a hybrid format in many countries, with a tint of socio-cultural frameworks practiced at each place. Such experiments with the broadcast model have lifted audience from the monotonous everyday routine soap operas to range of interesting formats that are completely new to them. This phenomena has been described as a shift towards first person media (Dovey: 2000) and a post documentary culture (Corner: 2000). With changes in content, there have been major changes in the production techniques to engage audience at different levels of pre production, production and post production. New production practices with TV literate fans have fo stered changes in the way fiction series construct story world (Scones: 2008:67). Sometime various textual strategies are employed for a direct interaction between producers and audience to build rapport with audience. Network channels apply strategies like distribution of content to various platforms, content management and changes in production techniques to engage audience in different ways at different levels, for instance, CBS has become the most viewable network by telecasting some formulaic crime and drama series like survivors and early days of CSI (Lotz: 2007:215). Jenkins (2000:25) adds Survivor is a TV for internet age-designed to be discussed dissected, debated, predicted and critiqued. Survivors (reality show on CBS) brings a new lively format where contestants competes in side the show and show lovers (audience/fandom) competes outside as spoilers to leak the information inside out. The transformation in TV content has affected audience activities and engagement with the medium in numerous ways, moving to a lean forward approach other than sit back approach as practiced by passive audience (Urichho: 2004). Fiske (1987:73) confronts the concept of TV audience as passive consumers and states; television audience might be incapable of influencing the content of TV programs, but the involvement with medium requires significant forms of audience engagement, such as individual viewer interpret TV text in accordance with socio-cultural frameworks to construct meanings to the text, social viewers (set of social group ex family, friends) that discuss TV text with friends and peers to find shared meanings and insights of cultural significance. Corner (1999) explains the pleasure of para-sociability, the enjoyment and excitement we derive from discussing TV content, Jenkins (2000) terms those discussion as water cooler conversation, a natural desire to discuss, express and exchange ideas. However, varied content appears on living room screen and all must not be relevant to an individual or a set of social group. Content must do more than to appear on TV to distinguish itself for better cultural relevance. ( Lotz, 2007:35). She suggests phenomenal TV that lays on the foundation of selected themes and topics that appears on multiple or varied outlet. Programs that achieve special conversation and break the cluttered media are relevant; they gain attention by word of mouth and resonates culture in many ways. As discussed in this section TV has come long way from traditional broadcast model and activities such as distribution, malleable content and changes in production techniques has changed the medium and has produced a new avatar. Transmedia storytelling has distributed content at different platforms with varying technology (specific medium with specific technology ex matrix film {different technology} book {different technology}) and national identity content to be transformed and adjusted in accordance with socio-cultural framework (American Idol in US Indian Idol in India). 1.3.3 TV in the post network era L.A. Times cites post network era as age of fast food TV.(Times, 2005).As Amanda describes, Television as a medium to be organized around networks(Amanda D lotz,2007:5)Lynn spigel cites a more comprehensive phase of TV in the post network era, ( Spigel, Lynn and Olsson,2004:2) indeed, if TV refers to the technologies, industrial information, government policies and practices of looking that were associated with the medium in its classical public service and three network age, it appears we are now entering the phase that comes after TV. Lynn Spigel notes TV to be reinventing in numerous ways, new platforms, channels; multiplicity of visual text at alternative medium has given many ways to think, what TV will be? The way we are experiencing TV needs to be addressed and how we will perceive TV in future needs to be defined. The social aspects clubs with the cultural, economic and institutional aspect to define the broadcast model which vary from place to place. TV cultivates sociability in many ways, Lull (J.Lull:1990) described TV as a vital force in constructing and maintaining interpersonal relationship between family and social units interacting normatively. Antonio(2008) adds audience decodes message on the basis of their identity and background, he adds Media are hegemonic institutions that work to secure social consensus by incorporating dissent and conflict(Antonio Gramsci,2008) Lull and Antonios argument can be seen with reference to the potential social and cultural environment within the medium context, that facilitate sociability among the viewers in the post network era. Technological innovations and society as a whole have been affecting the ways and means viewers experience TV and entertainment in general. As Amanda D lotz cites websters (Amanda D lotz,2007:15) who argues programming multiplicity resulting in audience fragmentation and polarization as new media make content available at different mediums. Cable networks creat es audience loyalty by associating themselves with a kind of genre combining with old genres to niche demographics of TV(Turner, 2001:4-6). Necessary modification and adjustment in digital transition technologies has shifted TV in to a new horizon. Henry Jenkins (Henry Jenkins: 2000, Amanda D lotz :2007:7) calls it a post network era where convergence is intersecting the broadcast model and revolutionizing the society. But I argue TV is certainly not loosing its grab, but the ways and means which are employed by the viewer as in how and where to view has convoluted, how we think and understand TV. I would rather call it a hybrid medium, whose offerings are becoming unique and platforms to showcase those offerings are versatile. Though many contemporary TV scholars tried to figure out TV in the post network era, many relates it to a cultural experience others technology. William Urichhio, maps broad changes in TV technology from old TV console to smart TVsystem. (Urichhio,2008:163) . Michael Curtin relates TV on more cultural grounds and argues that TV needs to be studied cross culturally to understand how TV has evolved in different cultural, economical, and industrial and regulatory conditions.( Michael Curtin,2008:272-275). The entire culture to view TV has been transformed. During the network era (before post network), sources were scarce and no alternative ways were available to receive TV content other than the network channels. With the emergence of the post network era, the restricted access reduced and more options got available to choose from. Technical innovations ranging from recording programs on DVD to downloading videos has brought up a change, with new ways of distribution. Networks delivered content irrespective of what, when and where at a minimal cost resulted a revolutionized way to view content. Lynn Spigel notes changes in programming and sponsorship are met with similar changes in the entire culture of watching TV.(lynn Spigel,2008:5).Jenkins transmedia storytelling, explains TV content is so designed that appear on various media outlet subjects for a flexible consumption (Henry Jenkins,2000:25). Convergence among TV, phones , social platforms offered at internet, presents a limitles s expansion of television presence by enabling reception of TV content almost anywhere. (Amanda D lotz,2007:50). Social platforms such as daily motion and you tube has redefined the role of networks by harnessing online video content. You Tube, when launched streamed about 35 millions video a day and drew the double size of audience (Los angles times.com:2006). As Amnda T Lotz cites Adam Berry, VP of bright cove, who explains online videos as treasures, its not only meant to watch your favorite shows, but to watch whole bunch of stuff which you havent seen. (Amanda D lotz,2007:137). Convergence culture(2000) proposed by Henry Jenkins offers distribution of national identity content for global distribution limiting the boundaries of exclusivity resulting in availability of visual text on multiple platforms and resultant trans media culture. TV in the post network era has offered flexibility in what, when and where to view and has opened up a vast arena to the audience, to practice TV viewing in different ways. TV text fuels a dominant way of thinking among its viewers; it communicates social beliefs and value of the society. I argue TV reincarnates with every technology, with every effort of Network/TV channel content to present diverse text across globe; making it available at different medium and viewers to make sense of visual text within the context of social, economic and cultural condition. The three elements which I described above; technology, Producers and viewers, moves in a cycle and has set the conditions for POST NETWORK era. 1.3.4Network/TV channel content on social network Social element might not be new to TV as J. Lull says, TV cultivates sociability in many ways (J.Lull:1990). But the concept of watching network/TV channel content online on social platforms has added a new social paradigm to television studies. Experiencing TV text with other functional tools embedded in social software like voice chat, peer ratings and integration with social media (networking sites) has engaged viewers in a unique innovative way. In past, many ethnographic researches have shown that people enjoy watching television as a part of socializing in groups. According to an ethnographic research conducted by Lora Oehlberg, Nicolas Ducheneaut, James D. Thornton, Robert J. Moore, Eric Nickell (2006), TV can foster multiple forms of sociability. To analyze the patterns of interaction of TV text, they categorized TV sociability as : direct (e.g. when chatting with friends and family while watching network channel content) or indirect (e.g. when discussing previously viewed programs). Mc luhans (1874) global village conveys the sense of synchronicity created by the electronic medium(TV radio) and the living room,he depicts an event where Television is ON, so as the sharing and continuous participation of members of living room, who discuss, debate and experience TV text in many ways. Mc Luhans(1874) global village highlights two factors that has formed the basis for communication in the current age: sociability in groups and simultaneity between the group and the medium. The idea of sociability and simultaneity in the internet age is same, what has changed is the positioning of participants and members, which has introduced complexities in the current communication process. Castells(2000) visionary idea of culture of real virtuality, explains this phenomenon better in which he explains we are not living in a global village, but in customized cottages globally produced and locally distributed. (Castells 2000: 370). Kitchen(1998) cites that one of the major outcome of internet is the interactivity of online relations based on reception of TV text. (Kitchen,1998:15). Henry Jenkins(2006) explains in convergence culture television provides fodder for so called water cooler conversations and online forums offer an opportunity for participants to share knowledge and expression (as original;Henry Jenkins, 2006:21). TV content leverage and integrate the wisdom of social networking, the combination of duo has resulted into a new type of interactive, participative and user-directed environment. Jenkins cites young people, forming communities using popular (social) media to expand their collective wisdom and from many types of publics (groups) to interact in an innovative unpredictable ways. For instance, in his very first chapter he takes us to the secret world of spoiling survivors, where he outlines the impact of reception of TV show survivors. He analyzes survivors fandom interaction with spoilers of the show calling it collective intelligence in practice.(Henry Jenkins, 2006:28).As he cites Pierre Levy who argues that one person might not know everything, everyone knows something that can bring some relevance to the discussion and leads to participation. (Henry Jenkins, 2006:26). In another case study, Jenkins(2006) discuss American Idol (a reality TV show made for audience participation). He cites participation in such communities not only leads to brand affiliation but empowers a control to assert their demands, which influences the show to move forward.( Henry jenkins:2006:80). American Idol popularity shows us the diversified context adopted by the network/TV channel producers to shape the programming and distribution to suit the consumption patterns of consumers. This reminds me of Derek Compare(2002) who says media content comes as malleable packages other than a seamless continuous narratives. The kind of changes introduced in programming gives a platform for interactivi ty and participation. Analyzing interactivity and participation jenkins writes, Interactivity refers to the ways that new technologies have been designed to be more responsive to consumer feedbackParticipation, on the other hand, is shaped by the cultural and social protocols (Henry Jenkins, 2006:137). So, the creators (content producers) decide interactivity, and users (content consumers) may interact with what is given where as participation allows users to become creators and consumers of the content. In this way both network operators and non network players create and capture value while dramatically changing how consumers interact about TV text on social platforms. With the rise of social platforms and new technological innovation, TV is changing. How we are experiencing TV is also transforming with introduction of online virtual communities (social publics) accessed by personal devices like mobile phone, I phones etc. Social publics form communities that extend beyond friends and peers, neighborhood, cities, countries, and across the continents. As Natalie Klym and Marie Jose Montpetit(2008:2) cites Robet putman(2000), who explains the phenomenon of social as a function of consuming and engaging in amusing activities in public spaces experiencing TV as Mc Luhans(1874) living room experience. Personalization of media device leads to granulation of media space where publics practice Mc Luhans(1874) living room experience on castells(2000) social morphology of networks. Putmans(2000) idea of social engagement contributes well to the TV experience on social networks and explains how individualization of technology enables contacts on social media. Emerging social platforms like joost , Hulu and many other embeds functional features like blogs, discussion forum , chat session and program rating to make online videos more meaningful and interactive. Facebook, orkut and Myspace has recently added video applications to adjust and adapt with more user generated environment. As Natalie Klym and Marie Jose Montpetit(2008:7) adds social network becomes a virtual operator performing a customized and personalized programming habits based on what a user or a community may like. For example, you tube automatically share an individual ratings, favorites, and more on Face book, Twitter, and Google Reader with YouTube Autoshare. (You tube). You Tube, a user generated social platform has grown accustomed to watch video on personal devices. Personal devices are paired and networked and results in a global virtual community, where every individual is interacting with every other. In this sense, personal devices (PC, laptop, I phone) etc and its personalization can be viewed as the foundation of new way to access TV content. Though still at early stage, but this new frontier of TV is evolving at a very faster pace and needs to be researched more. 1.3.5 Technology and social framework Technology has transformed the way, TV is today. Not only the structure, but TV as a medium, culture, industry has lot been changed since its inception. Though, TV has a long standing history with reference to technology; but my area of study concentrates on contemporary social technological innovations and models appropriate for understanding Tv text in relation to social media. Technology in simple terms: is by the people and for the people. As, Liela Green (2002:3) suggests that society is responsible for the development and deployment of particular technologies. Social determinism counters the notion of technology determinism and states society develops technology for the benefit and progress of human kind. I agree to Liela greens view and present an account Mc luhans technological determinism theory to mark the flaws that disturbs the ways in which society and technology interact. The appeal and problems can be viewed in light of a technological determinism theory by Mcluhan(Mc,luhans,1964) where he attempted to explore how culture is affected through various types of media? McLuhan believed that advances in technology of a medium will lead to change in a culture (Mc luhan,1964). From this, McLuhan states that a culture is affected by a kind of medium are being employed, that can be TV, radio, newspapers and magazines. Each medium defines, it own kind of standards like, in order to get information one can turn on TV, which is the most dominant form and can easily be absorbed by ear and eyes where as obtaining news over the Internet on the other hand can make the process complicated for those who are not computer literate. And in that case, if a person cannot translate experiences into the conscious then those experiences will be repressed and the message will be lost. Such was the case with, Alltop, which launched its Personalized Feed Reader. Alltop is an online magazine rack that

Inferior to Society Essay -- Character Analysis, Beneatha

Lorraine Hansberry depicts her character of Beneatha as being inferior to the rest of the human race through the use of the name â€Å"Beneatha†, depicting the hardships of African Americans. Hansberry accomplishes her depiction of the hardships through the use of discrimination, both stereotypical and racial, against the African American race and through the general inferiority of her character of Beneatha, in her play, A Raisin in the Sun. For instance, when Hansberry introduces the character of Beneatha, she illustrates that Beneatha is inferior to Ruth in physical appearance (35). Hansberry writes: "([Beneatha] is not as pretty as her sister-in-law)"(35). This passage illustrates the hardships of the African American race through the character of Beneatha, portraying the inferiority of Beneatha through the name Beneatha. This passage is significant because it shows Beneatha as inferior before she can even show her personality, therefore identifies her as inferior. Si nce she is labeled as inferior, society treats her in a childlike manner and she does not receive the same general rights and treatment as other members of society. When Beneatha enters the scene, she looks up at the ceiling, symbolizing her inferiority (46). Hansberry writes: â€Å"(Beneatha comes in brushing her hair and looking up to the ceiling, where the sound of a vacuum cleaner has started up)†(46). This passage depicts the general inferiority of Beneatha. This passage exhibits the fact that Beneatha is inferior to the rest of society. Although she is literally beneath the people on the floor above her, she is also figuratively below them. This passage is significant because it depicts the reality of the true superiority of society versus the character of... ...even looking up) In your heart of hearts you are much drunkard. BENEATHA: (To encourage WALTER, thoroughly caught uwith this side of him) OCOMOGOSAIY, FLAMING SPEAR! RUTH: (Having had enough, and embarrassed for the family) Beneatha, you got company—what's the matter with you? Walter Lee Younger, get down off that table and stop acting like a fool. RUTH: He's had a little to drink†¦I don't know that her excuse is. GEORGE: Oh, don't be so proud of yourself, Bennie—just because you look eccentric.(78-80 In this passage, George tells Beneatha that she needs to stop being so obsessed with her heritage. This passage is significant because it illustrates Beneatha as a child by displaying her childlike obsession with her heritage. Beneatha is shown as being beneath other people and as a child through her fascination with her family origin.

Gertrude and Ophelia Essay

Shakespeare’s characterization of Gertrude and Ophelia in Hamlet is paradoxical as it challenges as well as complements the contemporary social traditions and norms. Gertrude is the best example of this paradox that is manifested through her extraordinary supremacy over all the major characters of Hamlet, her influence in the court matters and state affairs and her blind obedience to Claudius. Ophelia is also active in her domestic domain but her interest are restricted to amorous and matrimonial maters only and they are further directed by his father Polonius and brother Laertes. She is an epitome of traditional feminist expressions of the age that require chastity, compliance and acceptance of male dominancy from women. Gertrude influence is wide ranging as it encompasses the domestic as well as the state affairs. Simultaneously she manifests the behaviour that is in consonance with the contemporary traditional view. She has the ability to captivate, fend off, or manipulate all important male characters for her own interests. Act 2, scene 2, clearly manifests how Gertrude behaves authoritatively with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and with Polonius. This scene further depicts her interaction with Claudius and influence she possesses over Claudius. But she further exhibit the behaviour hat is an embodiment of Elizabethan socio-cultural milieu and its values. She is subservient to Claudius when she agrees to Claudius’ plan to trap Hamlet, ‘I shall obey you,’ (3. 1. 37). Again in the closet scene, she is in compliance to Hamlet’s orders; ‘What should I do? ’ she asks (3. 4. 181). Furthermore, despite Gertrude’s conformist female acquiescent behaviour, her excessive sexuality and lust makes him a non-traditional woman. This portrayal of Gertrude clearly challenges the social and ethical norm of Elizabethan society. Her sexuality is intimidating for both Hamlets, father and son, who consider it brutal, extreme, and tainted: ‘Nay, but to live/ In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed,/ Stewed in corruption, honeying and making love/ Over the nasty sty’ (3. 4. 92- ¬95); Again it is said; ‘ So lust, though to a radient angel linked,/ Will sate itself in a celestial bed And prey on garbage. ’ (1. 5. 55 ¬-57). These lines are not in conformity with the woman image of contemporary society where woman’s chastity was the first condition for her social recognition. The relation of Hamlet and Gertrude is marked with oedipal connotations. Hamlet is placed in a situation his unconscious incestuous inclinations are juxtaposed with the apparent incestuous relationship of Gertrude and Claudius who is a new father figure to him. This juxtaposition and presence of Oedipal feelings plays an important in changing Hamlet’s behaviour toward his mother. Ophelia is raised in a motherless environment so she was dominated by the mannish thought and authority from the earliest. Thus her character is formed to accept the demands and wishes external to her own self. Furthermore, Shakespeare characterization of Ophelia is influenced by the cultural tradition of the male-dominant Elizabethan society. Ophelia is a typical character that is a mirror image of contemporary society. She remains passive in the domestic and emotional domain. Ophelia has no identity of her own and all her domestic and amorous matters are directed by her father. Polonius endeavours to fashion the life and attitude of Ophelia according to his own wishes. He considers his desires as her desires and tries to tailor her approach by various means. So right from the very start, Ophelia is under the sway of Laertes and Polonius. So her character is in complete conformity with the traditional values of that time. Polonius always responds from a position of authority over Ophelia, emphasizing his power as the decision-maker for her. Both her father and brother have a self assigned task of directing Ophelia how to act properly in every domain of her life. Although Shakespeare has characterized Ophelia as inferior to male characters, but characterization of Gertrude has dual characteristic. Sometime it challenges the traditions of the conformist society and sometime it itself become conforms to the values of the society by acting passively. Although Gertrude and Ophelia are two different women but they are caught in the same dilemma and circumstances in relation to Hamlet. Both love Hamlet and suffer due to their relation with Hamlet. Although Gertrude follows the bidding of Claudius throughout the story, and cannot even effectually resist Polonius, she evinces a deep love for Hamlet. She almost lives by looking at Hamlet. The contempt and hatred of her beloved son cut her to the quick and drives her to the very verge of madness. It must be noted that when Hamlet’s upbraiding grows unbearable for the queen, the ghost of his father steps in to save Gertrude from a further expression of their son’s bitter hatred. Shakespeare has characterized her as a round character that develops herself as the play moves toward its end. Although she acknowledges her blunders but is not fully aware of its overall gravity and effect on Hamlet. She says to Hamlet; O Hamlet, speak no more! / Thou turn’st mine eyes into my very soul,/ And there I see such black and grained spots/ As will not leave their tinct. (3. 4. 89-92) Same happens with Ophelia as Hamlet is harsh to Ophelia. He charges her with unfaithfulness. Polonius and Laertes warn her of excessive indulgence in amorous affair with Hamlet. Although she is caring and loves her family i. e. Polonius and Laertes but her love for Hamlet was stronger than her discretion. So she â€Å"sucked the honey of his music vows†, (3. 1. 57) and that his loss to her madder her â€Å"of ladies most deject and wretched†. (3. 1. 56) We know that her love for Hamlet was not so strong yet queen hopes in vain that her virtues â€Å"Will bring him to his wonted way again. † (3. 1. 41) Both Gertrude and Ophelia do not direct or affect the course of events directly but their role is of considerable importance for understanding the character of Hamlet. Hamlet at once intensely Gertrude and passionately hates her. Same is the case with Ophelia. Hamlet loves him fervently and in an honourable way as Ophelia declares early in the play; My lord, he hath importuned me with/ In honourable fashion. (1. 3. 100-111) Later in the play, Hamlet communicates his feeling toward her in this way on her grave; I loved Ophelia; forty thousand brothers/ Could not, with all their quantity of love,/ Make up my sum, (5. 1. 269-271) There are some visible differences between Gertrude and Ophelia as mentioned above but there subtle and implicit differences too. One of these differences is their attitude toward faithfulness. Gertrude seems unfaithful whereas Ophelia embodies the spirit of Elizabethan concept of fidelity. Gertrude is an instrument of, and incentive towards, crime; she is not criminally involved herself. The only exception to this the fact that by consenting to marry Claudius only such a short while after the death of her husband, she betrays either the greater infirmity of will, or an abnormally high degree of sexuality. The ghost makes it clear that Gertrude was neither an accessory to the murder nor even aware of it. We can call her a weak woman, not a wicked or depraved woman. The ghost styles her ‘seeming virtuous’. Hamlet forces her to search her heart. Then she is able to see how shameless and offensive to good sense and modesty her ‘over-hasty marriage’ was. It is quite clear that Ophelia is constant in her faithfulness to Hamlet as well as to her family. This tussle between love and duty plays some part in her loss of sanity. She is devotedly fond even of his tyrannical father and listens meekly to her brother’s precepts and promises; â€Å"I shall the effect of this good lesson keep/ As watchman to my heart†. (1. 3. 45-46) As in all things she obeys him, no matter how much it costs her to disobey the promptings of her heart. She also becomes an instrument for spying on the prince. But on the other side her love and fidelity to Hamlet remains the strongest factor in her life. Although she never declares her love in so many words, yet we know that her heart was given entirely to him. This is a manifestation of divergent rather conflictive faithfulness that she to his lover and family. Despite this intricate environment, she never betrayed her family as well as Hamlet. Another important contrast is their strength of character in reacting to this complex situation. Gertrude remains stable in this state of affairs due to her strong characterization but Ophelia turns mad and behaves like childlike. Thus she becomes the most pathetic of Shakespeare characters. Unlike Gertrude she possesses a childlike simplicity and maintains it throughout the play. So Shakespeare dramatic realism has produced a character full of pathos and miseries in the form of Ophelia and has used it effectively, like Gertrude, in the overall design of the play. As above-mentioned claims supported by textual and extra-textual facts clearly reveal that both Gertrude and Ophelia have certain common characteristics but they were not certainly identical characters. Both are used as subsidiaries to the main characters. Shakespeare skilfully takes advantage of their presence in the play and uses them in the larger design of the play. He further shows different manifestation of human character through them. Although both remain a prey to same dilemma and to an almost same fate in the play but as both have different dispositions and socio-cultural upbringing so they react differently to the situations and they have different roles to play in the play. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Washington Square Press: New York, 1992.

Working in Partnership in Health and Social Care essayEssay Writing Service

Working in Partnership in Health and Social Care essayEssay Writing Service Working in Partnership in Health and Social Care essay Working in Partnership in Health and Social Care essayThe case of the mid Staffordshire NHS foundation trust and Adult A Serious reveals the full extent to which the partnership in health and social partnership is very important but, at the same time, raises the problem of the responsibility and liability of health care professionals and social workers for the provision of patients with health care services and social services of the high quality. In this regard, the development of effective policies that can maintain the tight control over the quality of health care social services provided for patients, especially the aging population and patients that have special needs. The case of the mid Staffordshire NHS foundation trust and Adult A Serious has shocked the nation but, at the same time, this case has triggered the public pressure on the government and legislators to enhance the existing legislation and policies to improve the quality of health care services and social services. Section AThe health and social care partnership is very important because it opens wide prospects for the development of closer cooperation between health care organizations and social workers. In fact, the milestone of the partnership philosophy is the idea of the provision of patients with the full range of services that is particularly important for elderly patients, who grow more and more dependent on health and social care services. In fact, the health and social care partnership allows health and social care organisations to provide patients with the broad range of services making them more available to them. For example, many people, who have serious health problems, cannot always count on social care because they just do not know about such care or they cannot participate in related programs because of their disability. Instead, partnerships in health and social care improve the interaction between health and social care organisations. As a result, when a physician notices t hat a patient needs social care, then he/she may report to a social care organisation and it will help the patient providing social care services the patient needs.Furthermore, the philosophy of partnership in health and social care focuses on the improvement of the quality of life of patients, because health care professionals and social workers can set higher standards of care for patients, especially, those, who are dependent on care givers but do not have family members, who can perform the role of care givers. In fact, the health and social care partnership contributes to the overall improvement of the quality of care that naturally contributes to the improvement of the quality of life of patients, who suffer from serious health problems and need social care at the same time. Often patients with serious health problems cannot get access to social care because it needs time and efforts from their part, while their health condition may impose significant limitations on their move ment, for example, in case of physical disability. As a result, patients may fail to receive social care but the health and social care partnership implies that patients, who need social care will receive it along with health care.On the other hand, the Mid Staffordshire NHS foundation trust and Adult A Serious case reveals the fact that the health and social care partnership is not always effective and successful. In fact, the problem of professional negligence and the poor communication between health care professionals and social workers can undermine the effectiveness of partnership in health care and social care. At the same time, the partnership in health and social care being integrated in one organisation raises the risk of manipulation and misuse of the partnership for benefits of organisations rather than for benefits of patients. In this regard, the Mid Staffordshire NHS foundation trust and Adult A Serious case proves that such partnership may be extremely dangerous for patients.Therefore, the effective implementation of the partnership in health care and social work is possible only on the condition of the effective monitoring and control of the performance of professionals providing health and social care services and organisations responsible for the provision of such services. The monitoring and control over the partnership in health and social care increases the responsibility of organisations operating in the industry because they are legally liable for the violation of existing norms and standards concerning health and social care.Therefore, the effectiveness of health and social care partnership between is questionable judging from the Mid Staffordshire NHS foundation trust and Adult A Serious case. At any rate, the risk of professional negligence and the lack if effective control over organisations providing health and social care in partnership increase the risk of the violation of human rights of patients, their abuse, while in some case s, patients’ life may be under a threat. Such cases are apparently unacceptable and have a negative impact on the effectiveness of health and social care partnership but such partnership should be very responsible. In fact, it is the monitoring and control that can help government regulatory bodies to identify cases of the poor or negligent work of professionals working in the health and social care partnership but often such cases are difficult to identify. Nevertheless, the philosophy and potential of social and health care are very significant that makes their partnership an effective tool that can help to improve the quality of life of the population.Section BHealth and social care partnerships may use different models that determine the nature of partnership and relations of parties involved in the partnership. In this regard, it is possible to distinguish several strategic directions in the development of partnership models in health and social care sector. First, the h ealth and social care partnership model may be based on the full government involvement and control over the partnership. In such a case, the government is often directly involved in the partnership with the governing body of a health care institution being appointed and controlled by the authorities. The application of this model involves the extensive funding and strict control from the part of the government, while health and social care professionals work under regulations and strict control of government bodies.However, this model is not the most effective one because the excessive involvement of the government in health care raises the problem of the incompetence of professionals appointed by the government, especially in case of managers, who have no medical background and cannot always understand how to manage health and social care partnership effectively. At the same time, the strict government control may raise the problem of bureaucracy in the health and social care part nership that will decrease its effectiveness.Nevertheless, the government controlled partnership is the most reliable in terms of the observation of existing norms and standards in the field of health and social care. In such a case, the risk of such cases as the Mid Staffordshire NHS foundation trust and Adult A case is low because the tight control over health and social care organisations from the part of the government discourages employees from negligent performance.Alternatively, the partnership model may include the distribution of functions and responsibilities between the government and health care organisation. In such a case, the government is mainly responsible for social care aspect of the partnership and may interfere directly into social care services and control the social care provided for patients, while hospitals or health care organisations provide health care services for patients. The government can only conduct monitoring and auditing of the health care organi sation with in certain timeline and cannot interfere directly into functioning of the health care organisation. In fact, such partnership model is quite effective but again it needs the close interaction between health and social care organisations and the government. The government should monitor and control the partnership in health and social care but, at the same time, they government should not prevent social and health care organisations from their direct functions and their fulfilment.Working in Partnership in Health and Social Care essay part 2